Speech & Language Disorders & Intervnetion

Some children experience difficulties when they start schooling like

1. Difficulty in oral expression.
2. Difficulty in written expression.
3. Difficulty in listening comprehension.
4. Difficulty in loud reading.
5. Difficulty in mathematics.
6. Makes unusually large number of grammatical errors.
7. Difficulty in becoming oriented to new surroundings.
8. Difficulty in right left orientation.
9. General clumsiness, poor coordination, poor balance, or a tendency to fall down a lot.

II. Incorrect pronounciation of speech sounds:

1. Incorrect adult model and incorrect learning:
   For example a child produces ‘tat’ for ‘cat’ or ‘tun’ for ‘sun’
2. Cleft lip and/or palate:
   This can be corrected by surgery and/or prosthesis (appliance). However, certain difficulty in maintaining air pressure in the mouth may result in nasal and incorrectly pronounced speech.
3. Weakness, incoordination and paralysis of the speech musculature:
   In addition to incorrect pronounciation, the child may also have difficulty in swallowing and chewing.
4. Moderate/severe/profound hearing loss.

III Voice Disorders:

Hoarse Voice: Children are very active and enthusiastic. They may talk, shout and scream a lot. This can make their voice hoarse.

IV Stammering (stuttering):

Speech like walking has rhythm and flow. Disruption of this flow reduces the effectiveness of speech. Stammering may range from mild hesitation to severe disruption in the flow of speech. Young children of 2 to 4 years of age may exhibit repetition of words and phrases while speaking. Such non–fluency in early speech and language development, is often referred to as normal non–fluency. The child may come out of this phase on his own with the help of parent’s support.

Speech & Language Disorders in Adults

1. Language Disorders:

   Of the various faculties of the brain, the ability to express ideas, thoughts and feelings through speech is a precious gift to mankind. This wonderful faculty is possible because of speech centers of the brain and the speech organs we possess.

   Paralysis or head injury may damage these speech centers causing language disorders known as aphasia. Such people have difficulty in expressing and understanding speech. In addition they may have difficulty in reading, writing and calculating. Such people need emotional support and help from the family. Speech and language therapy helps to recover their speech communication skills.

2. Unclear Speech:

   There are centers in the brain responsible for movement and coordination of the speech musculature. Lesions of these centers cause weakness, incoordination and paralysis resulting in unclear speech. Apart from this difficulty they may have difficulty in swallowing and chewing.

3. Voice Disorders:
   1. Hoarse Voice: This may result from excessive use or misuse of voice, cancer of larynx, hearing loss, growth on vocal cords and paralysis of the vocal cords. For this, consultation of ear, nose, throat specialists is also required.
   2. Voice inappropriate to gender:
      During and/or after puberty, there is a change in the male voice. Some men are unable to learn to use the new low pitched voice and are often mocked as effeminate. Voice therapy helps them in restoring their correct voice.
4. Stammering:

   Disruption of flow of speech reduces effectiveness of speech. Stammering may range from mild hesitation to severe disruption in the flow of speech. This problem starts in childhood and may continue in adulthood. This may affect their personal and social growth. They may experience difficulty in getting employment.

Speech & Language Therapy

The management of speech–language disorders is done by a Speech Language Pathologist. The other team professionals are Audiologist, Psychologists, ENT, Pediatrician, Neurologist, Special educators. Person having speech and language difficulties can be helped with speech – language therapy. Speech and language therapy is a long term process. It is not an instant formula. It requires consistent practice and coordinated work between you and your therapist. The family members also have an important role to play throughout the management process.

For any speech language and/or hearing problem consult the Audiologist/Speech Language Pathologist at the nearest general/private hospital.